Torts
Proving Breach: The Reasonable Person, Learned Hand, Custom, Negligence Per Se, and Res Ipsa
How a plaintiff proves that the defendant fell below the required standard of care.
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Torts
Duty to Act: Rescue, Voluntary Undertakings, Special Relationships, and Emotional Harm
When an omission can become actionable negligence despite the traditional no-duty rule.
Torts
Actual Cause: But-For Causation, Multiple Causes, Alternative Liability, and Loss of Chance
How to prove the factual connection between the defendant's breach and the plaintiff's harm.
Torts
Proximate Cause: Foreseeability, Scope of Risk, and Superseding Causes
Where tort responsibility ends after factual causation has been established.
Torts
Premises Liability: Trespassers, Licensees, Invitees, and Attractive Nuisance
How a visitor's status, the condition of land, and modern reasonable-care rules shape duty.