Torts
Intent in Intentional Torts: Purpose, Substantial Certainty, and Transferred Intent
How to separate intent from motive, carelessness, mistake, and merely risky behavior.
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Torts
Battery: Intentional Harmful or Offensive Contact
A step-by-step guide to intent, contact, offensiveness, indirect touching, and damages.
Torts
Consent: Actual, Apparent, Presumed, Emergency, and Informed Consent
How consent defeats intentional tort liability - and when scope, incapacity, mistake, fraud, or revocation makes it ineffective.
Torts
Self-Defense, Defense of Others, Property, Recapture, and Necessity
A unified guide to reasonable force, proportionality, deadly force, shopkeeper detention, public necessity, and private necessity.
Torts
Negligence: Duty, Breach, Causation, and Damages
A practical four-element framework for organizing the most frequently tested tort theory.